Как правильно выйти из программы, использующей Boost Log?

Question

Пример программы ниже работает нормально, но valgrind показывает, что 520 байтов в 6 блоках все еще доступны после выхода.

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

#include <boost/log/common.hpp>
#include <boost/log/sources/logger.hpp>
#include <boost/log/utility/setup/file.hpp>

#include <boost/phoenix/bind/bind_member_function.hpp>
#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>

namespace bl = boost::log;
namespace bp = boost::phoenix;

enum class MySeverityLevel
{
  panic,
  alert,
  critical,
  error,
  warning,
  notice,
  info,
  debug
};

BOOST_LOG_ATTRIBUTE_KEYWORD(Severity, "Severity", MySeverityLevel)
BOOST_LOG_ATTRIBUTE_KEYWORD(Channel, "Channel", std::string)

class Logger
{

public:

  Logger(const std::string& CH, const MySeverityLevel SEV):
  m_log(bl::keywords::channel = CH), m_channel(CH), m_severityMax(SEV)
  {
    m_sink = bl::add_file_log
    (
      bl::keywords::file_name = CH + ".log",
      bl::keywords::filter = bp::bind(&Logger::filter, this, Channel.or_none(), Severity.or_none())
    );
  }

  ~Logger()
  {
    this->terminate();
  }

  void terminate()
  {
    if (m_sink)
    {
      bl::core::get()->remove_sink(m_sink);
      m_sink->flush();
      m_sink.reset();
    }
  }

  void panic(const std::string& S)
  {
    BOOST_LOG_SEV(m_log, MySeverityLevel::panic) << S;
  }

  void debug(const std::string& S)
  {
    BOOST_LOG_SEV(m_log, MySeverityLevel::debug) << S;
  }

private:

  using ChannelValue = bl::value_ref<std::string, tag::Channel>;
  using MySeverityLevelValue = bl::value_ref<MySeverityLevel, tag::Severity>;

  bool filter(const ChannelValue& CH, const MySeverityLevelValue& SEV) const
  {
    if (CH && SEV)
    {
      return (CH.get() == m_channel) && (SEV.get() <= m_severityMax);
    }
    else
    {
      return false;
    }
  }

  bl::sources::severity_channel_logger<MySeverityLevel, std::string> m_log;
  boost::shared_ptr<bl::sinks::sink> m_sink;
  const std::string m_channel;
  const MySeverityLevel m_severityMax;

};

int main()
{
  Logger lgA("A", MySeverityLevel::error);
  lgA.panic("A: Panic");
  lgA.debug("A: Debug");
  lgA.terminate();
}

Это valgrind выход:

hekto@ubuntu:~$ valgrind --leak-check=full --show-leak-kinds=all ./tc0013
==48934== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==48934== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==48934== Using Valgrind-3.13.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==48934== Command: ./tc0013
==48934== 
==48934== 
==48934== HEAP SUMMARY:
==48934==     in use at exit: 520 bytes in 6 blocks
==48934==   total heap usage: 83 allocs, 77 frees, 97,276 bytes allocated
==48934== 
==48934== 8 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 1 of 6
==48934==    at 0x4C3017F: operator new(unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
==48934==    by 0x4E98C61: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::aux::get_severity_level() (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_log.so.1.65.1)
==48934==    by 0x11723B: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::aux::severity_level<MySeverityLevel>::set_value(MySeverityLevel) (severity_feature.hpp:135)
==48934==    by 0x115E74: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::record boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_severity_logger<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_channel_logger<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_logger<char, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::severity_channel_logger<MySeverityLevel, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::single_thread_model>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, MySeverityLevel>::open_record_unlocked<boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> >(boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> const&) (severity_feature.hpp:252)
==48934==    by 0x114961: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::record boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_composite_logger<char, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::severity_channel_logger<MySeverityLevel, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::single_thread_model, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::features<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::severity<MySeverityLevel>, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::channel<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::open_record<boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> >(boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> const&) (basic_logger.hpp:575)
==48934==    by 0x1135A5: Logger::panic(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (tc0013.cpp:81)
==48934==    by 0x11097B: main (tc0013.cpp:120)
==48934== 
==48934== 8 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 2 of 6
==48934==    at 0x4C3017F: operator new(unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
==48934==    by 0x4E9EF69: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::aux::this_thread::get_id() (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_log.so.1.65.1)
==48934==    by 0x4E8BB96: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::core::open_record(boost::log::v2_mt_posix::attribute_set const&) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_log.so.1.65.1)
==48934==    by 0x118DEA: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::record boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_logger<char, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::severity_channel_logger<MySeverityLevel, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::single_thread_model>::open_record_unlocked<boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> >(boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> const&) (basic_logger.hpp:259)
==48934==    by 0x11825B: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::record boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_channel_logger<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_logger<char, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::severity_channel_logger<MySeverityLevel, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::single_thread_model>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::open_record_with_channel_unlocked<boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> >(boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> const&, boost::parameter::void_) (channel_feature.hpp:195)
==48934==    by 0x1172B2: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::record boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_channel_logger<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_logger<char, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::severity_channel_logger<MySeverityLevel, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::single_thread_model>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >::open_record_unlocked<boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> >(boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> const&) (channel_feature.hpp:171)
==48934==    by 0x115E8B: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::record boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_severity_logger<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_channel_logger<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_logger<char, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::severity_channel_logger<MySeverityLevel, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::single_thread_model>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, MySeverityLevel>::open_record_unlocked<boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> >(boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> const&) (severity_feature.hpp:253)
==48934==    by 0x114961: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::record boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_composite_logger<char, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::severity_channel_logger<MySeverityLevel, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::single_thread_model, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::features<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::severity<MySeverityLevel>, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::channel<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::open_record<boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> >(boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> const&) (basic_logger.hpp:575)
==48934==    by 0x1135A5: Logger::panic(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (tc0013.cpp:81)
==48934==    by 0x11097B: main (tc0013.cpp:120)
==48934== 
==48934== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 3 of 6
==48934==    at 0x4C3017F: operator new(unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
==48934==    by 0x512A5BA: boost::detail::add_thread_exit_function(boost::detail::thread_exit_function_base*) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_thread.so.1.65.1)
==48934==    by 0x4E98C9A: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::aux::get_severity_level() (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_log.so.1.65.1)
==48934==    by 0x11723B: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::aux::severity_level<MySeverityLevel>::set_value(MySeverityLevel) (severity_feature.hpp:135)
==48934==    by 0x115E74: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::record boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_severity_logger<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_channel_logger<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_logger<char, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::severity_channel_logger<MySeverityLevel, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::single_thread_model>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, MySeverityLevel>::open_record_unlocked<boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> >(boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> const&) (severity_feature.hpp:252)
==48934==    by 0x114961: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::record boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_composite_logger<char, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::severity_channel_logger<MySeverityLevel, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::single_thread_model, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::features<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::severity<MySeverityLevel>, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::channel<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::open_record<boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> >(boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> const&) (basic_logger.hpp:575)
==48934==    by 0x1135A5: Logger::panic(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (tc0013.cpp:81)
==48934==    by 0x11097B: main (tc0013.cpp:120)
==48934== 
==48934== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 4 of 6
==48934==    at 0x4C3017F: operator new(unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
==48934==    by 0x4E98C84: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::aux::get_severity_level() (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_log.so.1.65.1)
==48934==    by 0x11723B: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::aux::severity_level<MySeverityLevel>::set_value(MySeverityLevel) (severity_feature.hpp:135)
==48934==    by 0x115E74: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::record boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_severity_logger<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_channel_logger<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_logger<char, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::severity_channel_logger<MySeverityLevel, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::single_thread_model>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, MySeverityLevel>::open_record_unlocked<boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> >(boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> const&) (severity_feature.hpp:252)
==48934==    by 0x114961: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::record boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_composite_logger<char, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::severity_channel_logger<MySeverityLevel, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::single_thread_model, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::features<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::severity<MySeverityLevel>, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::channel<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::open_record<boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> >(boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> const&) (basic_logger.hpp:575)
==48934==    by 0x1135A5: Logger::panic(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (tc0013.cpp:81)
==48934==    by 0x11097B: main (tc0013.cpp:120)
==48934== 
==48934== 24 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 5 of 6
==48934==    at 0x4C3017F: operator new(unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
==48934==    by 0x512A1BC: boost::detail::make_external_thread_data() (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_thread.so.1.65.1)
==48934==    by 0x512A5AD: boost::detail::add_thread_exit_function(boost::detail::thread_exit_function_base*) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_thread.so.1.65.1)
==48934==    by 0x4E98C9A: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::aux::get_severity_level() (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_log.so.1.65.1)
==48934==    by 0x11723B: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::aux::severity_level<MySeverityLevel>::set_value(MySeverityLevel) (severity_feature.hpp:135)
==48934==    by 0x115E74: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::record boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_severity_logger<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_channel_logger<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_logger<char, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::severity_channel_logger<MySeverityLevel, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::single_thread_model>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, MySeverityLevel>::open_record_unlocked<boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> >(boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> const&) (severity_feature.hpp:252)
==48934==    by 0x114961: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::record boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_composite_logger<char, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::severity_channel_logger<MySeverityLevel, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::single_thread_model, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::features<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::severity<MySeverityLevel>, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::channel<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::open_record<boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> >(boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> const&) (basic_logger.hpp:575)
==48934==    by 0x1135A5: Logger::panic(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (tc0013.cpp:81)
==48934==    by 0x11097B: main (tc0013.cpp:120)
==48934== 
==48934== 440 bytes in 1 blocks are still reachable in loss record 6 of 6
==48934==    at 0x4C3017F: operator new(unsigned long) (in /usr/lib/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
==48934==    by 0x512A03D: boost::detail::make_external_thread_data() (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_thread.so.1.65.1)
==48934==    by 0x512A5AD: boost::detail::add_thread_exit_function(boost::detail::thread_exit_function_base*) (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_thread.so.1.65.1)
==48934==    by 0x4E98C9A: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::aux::get_severity_level() (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libboost_log.so.1.65.1)
==48934==    by 0x11723B: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::aux::severity_level<MySeverityLevel>::set_value(MySeverityLevel) (severity_feature.hpp:135)
==48934==    by 0x115E74: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::record boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_severity_logger<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_channel_logger<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_logger<char, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::severity_channel_logger<MySeverityLevel, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::single_thread_model>, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, MySeverityLevel>::open_record_unlocked<boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> >(boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> const&) (severity_feature.hpp:252)
==48934==    by 0x114961: boost::log::v2_mt_posix::record boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::basic_composite_logger<char, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::severity_channel_logger<MySeverityLevel, std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > >, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::single_thread_model, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::features<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::severity<MySeverityLevel>, boost::log::v2_mt_posix::sources::channel<std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > > > >::open_record<boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> >(boost::parameter::aux::tagged_argument<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::keywords::tag::severity, MySeverityLevel const> const&) (basic_logger.hpp:575)
==48934==    by 0x1135A5: Logger::panic(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&) (tc0013.cpp:81)
==48934==    by 0x11097B: main (tc0013.cpp:120)
==48934== 
==48934== LEAK SUMMARY:
==48934==    definitely lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==48934==    indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==48934==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==48934==    still reachable: 520 bytes in 6 blocks
==48934==         suppressed: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==48934== 
==48934== For counts of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -v 
==48934== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)

В моем реальном приложении Logger класс живет в библиотеке, поэтому мне нужно правильно прекратить его (завершение выполняется systemctl). Тем не менее, я все еще вижу исключения в syslog при выходе из моего приложения:

terminate called after throwing an instance of 'boost::exception_detail::clone_impl<boost::exception_detail::error_info_injector<boost::log::v2_mt_posix::system_error> >'

Я думаю, что поиск способа избавиться от этих "520 байтов в 6 блоках" после выхода поможет мне четко завершить свое приложение.

Как написать terminate правильно (см. выше) правильно - чтобы ничего не оставить во внутренних органах Boost Log доступным?

• ОС: Ubuntu 18.04.1 LTS
• Компилятор: g++ 7.3.0
• Повышение: 1.65.1
• Valgrind: 3.13.0

Answer 1

ТЛ; др; boost.log безнадежно обречен, используйте что-то еще...

Особенностью этих стеков вызовов является повторяющийся вызов boost::detail::add_thread_exit_function которая является реализацией boost::this_thread::at_thread_exit это, очевидно, используется для выполнения некоторых действий по очистке, когда поток заканчивается. Однако эту функцию нельзя использовать с API-интерфейсами, зависящими от системы, и такими функциями, как exit, Как указано в документах:

В частности, возврат из main() эквивалентен вызову exit(), поэтому не будет вызывать никаких функций, зарегистрированных в at_thread_exit()

Так что boost.log не выполняет никакой очистки при вызове из основного потока. Более того, (помимо всего прочего) boost.log использует синглтон Мейера для хранения экземпляра основного контекста, поэтому пользователи библиотеки не могут контролировать время жизни основного контекста (и принадлежащих ему объектов) и подвержены статическому [un] порядку инициализации. фиаско.